Our experienced team provides care at all stages of life. From adolescence to the golden years, a woman’s gynecologic services should set her up for health and wellness. We provide the full spectrum of women’s care, including Pap smears, well-woman exams, breast exams, menopause services, STD testing, birth control counseling, diagnosis and treatment of gynecologic diseases, and much more. We advocate for the high-quality gynecologic care of any person with a vagina, cervix or breast tissue, regardless of sexual orientation, gender, or whether you are gender non-conforming or non-binary. It's important to receive this care for your body in order to stay healthy and provide early detection of diseases like breast cancer.
Keywords Gynecology Care, Gynecologic Services, Women's Health.
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Dr. Abe Shahim is a practicing board-certified obstetrician-gynecologist in New York City. Dr. Shahim graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology and Middle Eastern Studies from Columbia University. He earned a medical degree from the University of Tel Aviv; Sackler School of Medicine. He completed his internship in Ob/Gyn at Sinai/Grace Hospital in Detroit, Michigan and then completed training in OB/GYN at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. Dr. Shahim received the Dr. Marvin P. Zuckerman Award for excellence in surgery and the Lenox Hill Hospital Excellence in Research Award. He is a Fellow of the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology and also an active member of the American Medical Association, the Medical Society of the State of New York and the New York County Medical Society. He has held many leadership roles in ob/gyn including being Vice-Chairman and Director of Obstetrics at Mount Sinai West and Director of Patient Safety and Quality at Lenox Hill Hospital/Northwell Health. Dr. Shahim has a special interest in minimally invasive surgery, particularly hysteroscopy. He has been recognized by his peers with election into New York Magazine's Top Doctors, Castle Connoly's Top Doctors, New York Superdoctors and NY Top Docs.
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Link: Dr. Abe Shahim
Dr. Gavrilman graduated with a Bachelor of Science with distinction in Cellular Molecular Biology from the University of Michigan Ann Arbor before completing her Doctor of Medicine from Wayne State University School of Medicine in Detroit. She finished her medical residency in obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive science at Mount Sinai West Icahn School of Medicine and Mount Sinai Beth Israel Icahn School of Medicine in Manhattan, New York City. Recognized for her hard work and dedication to the field, Dr. Gavrilman has won several awards, such as the 2017 Ryan Program Resident Award for Excellence in Family Planning at Mount Sinai Beth Israel in New York City. Dr. Gavrilman has many certifications, such as the neonatal resuscitation program (NRP) certification. She’s also a member of the American College of Physicians and a junior fellow of the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Dr. Gavrilman treats pelvic pain, dyspareunia, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and many other conditions that affect women. She’s passionate about guiding women through the most important times of their lives, including adolescence, pregnancy, and menopause
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Link: Dr. Zoya Gavrilman
Holly Gorman, WHNP/ANP-BC, is a practicing board-certified Women's Health Nurse Practitioner based in New York City. She graduated from Seton Hall with her Bachelor of Science in nursing, and went on to complete her Master of Science in nursing at Columbia University. Holly has worked as the primary on-site medical provider at the Northern Manhattan Women's Health since 2010 where specializes in treating a range of women’s health concerns including annual pap smears, sexually transmitted infections, contraception, colposcopy, menopausal management, vaginal infections, and endometriosis. She previously worked at New York Presbyterian Hospital as a registered nurse in the emergency and surgical departments. Holly is committed to health equity and is passionate about ensuring that all women have access to both high-quality healthcare and the resources and patient education that they need to make informed decisions about their own health and well-being.
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Anna Crim is a kind and caring board certified Women’s Health Nurse Practitioner serving the women of New York City. Anna received her master’s in nursing from Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee before moving to New York. She goes above and beyond to provide the highest caliber gynecologic services for women including pap smears, vaginal discharge, contraception, colposcopy, menopausal management, breast concerns, sexually transmitted infection, and painful intercourse. Anna is committed to giving the best quality of care and establishing long-lasting relationships with her patients. Each patient has different needs and her goal is to care for each person in a unique and personalized fashion. Anna strives to make each patient feel comfortable with treatment plans by collaborating with her patients and including them in the decision making process. She is known for her compassion and dedication to her patients as a strong patient advocate.
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Abnormal Pap Smears A Pap test, or Pap smear, is part of a woman's annual wellness exam. The Pap test involves extracting a small sample of cells from the cervix. These cells are examined, in a lab, for abnormal cell changes. The Pap test is used in diagnosing cervical cancer and human papilloma virus, or HPV. Annual Exam The annual gynecological exam, also known as a gynecological well-visit, is a yearly preventative and diagnostic examination which serves to maintain the wellness of female patients, as well as monitor any ongoing physical and hormonal conditions. This annual visit is an opportunity for doctors to counsel patients about maintaining a healthy lifestyle and minimizing health risks. The annual gynecological exam includes a routine breast and pelvic exam, and may include a screening for sexually transmitted diseases, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea. A Pap test may also be performed depending on the age and sexual history of the patient. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that women begin annual pelvic exams... Mammogram A mammogram is an X-ray examination of the breast. It is performed to detect breast cancer in its earliest stages, often before any signs or symptoms of the disease are present. Menopause Menopause is the time in a woman's life when her menstrual period has stopped. Menopause is caused by a decrease in the ovaries' production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone, which eventually results in the ovaries' ceasing to produce eggs, and the end of menstruation. Menstruation Menstruation is the monthly vaginal bleeding a woman experiences as the uterine lining is shed. Every month, an ovary releases an egg that travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus. If the egg is not fertilized, the egg and lining of the uterus are shed, resulting in menstruation. The average menstrual period lasts from 3 to 5 days, although it can vary from person to person and from month to month. Ovulation Ovulation occurs when an egg is released from an ovary. Once released, it enters one of the fallopian tubes and travels toward the uterus. If the egg is fertilized by sperm, it implants in the uterine wall (endometrium), and pregnancy occurs. If the egg remains unfertilized, the uterine lining is shed during menstruation. Ovulation usually takes place between the 10th and 14th days of a menstrual cycle, but varies among women or from month to month. Pregnancy Testing Pregnancy testing is performed to determine whether or not a woman has a fertilized embryo in her uterus. A pregnancy test detects the presence of the hormone human chorionic gonadoptropin (hCG) in the body. This hormone is usually only produced when an egg has successfully been fertilized and attaches to the uterine wall. Levels of hCG rise quickly and within a matter of days after a woman becomes pregnant. There are two types of pregnancy tests that are commonly performed; one uses a sample of urine, and the other, a sample of blood. Both tests measure the levels of hCG in a woman's body. Sonography Sonography (ultrasound procedure) is a quick, painless diagnostic imaging technique. It uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the internal organs. A sonogram is the image that is produced by performing sonography or ultrasonography. During pregnancy, a sonogram is performed to obtain information about how the fetus is developing. It is used to check the fetus's blood flow and heartbeat, as well as estimate its age and delivery date. It is also performed to check the female pelvic organs during pregnancy. Hysterectomy A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus and can sometimes include the ovaries and fallopian tubes. This is a common procedure for women in the United States and is performed over 600,000 times each year. A hysterectomy stops the menstrual cycle and prevents pregnancy. It is a permanent procedure that cannot be reversed. STD Testing A sexually transmitted disease, or STD, is a disease or infection that is spread from one person to another through sexual contact. Most STDs are caused by bacteria, parasites or viruses, that are transmitted through contact with the genitals, skin, mouth, rectum, or bodily fluids. STDs can cause problems ranging from mild irritation to severe pain. Left untreated, some STDs can cause illness, cancer, infertility or harm to a fetus during pregnancy. Breast Exam Breast exams are physical and visual inspections of the breasts. They are an important part of an OBGYN checkup because breast exams can help identify any unusual lumps or suspicious growths around the breasts. In addition, a doctor can teach a patient how to perform these exams at home every month in order to recognize any changes on their own breasts. Breast exams can be a very useful tool for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. Transvaginal Ultrasound Cervical Cancer
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A Pap test, or Pap smear, is part of a woman's annual wellness exam. The Pap test involves extracting a small sample of cells from the cervix. These cells are examined, in a lab, for abnormal cell changes. The Pap test is used in diagnosing cervical cancer and human papilloma virus, or HPV. An abnormal Pap smear doesn't necessarily indicate a condition like HPV or cervical cancer. Pap smears detect any changes within the cervical cells, not just cervical cancer. Abnormal Pap smear results may indicate other conditions such as inflammation or infection. False positives are also possible from Pap smears, however further testing is recommended to protect your health whenever the Pap smear is abnormal. Types of Pap Smear Results There are three categories of results: normal, unclear and abnormal. Negative Result A negative, or normal, result occurs when no changes to the cells of the cervix have been detected. This is a healthy diagnosis, however, the patient should continue to receive regular Pap smear tests. Unclear Result Unclear results are not uncommon, and they simply refer to an inconclusive finding that the cervical cells may or may not be abnormal. This may mean that too few cells were collected during the test. It can also indicate a disease or infection as well as changes caused by hormones or inflammation. The results may be influenced by other factors too, such as having had sexual intercourse, using a douche or applying vaginal cream in the two days prior to the Pap smear testing. Abnormal Result Abnormal, or positive, results typically indicate changes to the cervical cells, which may be caused by a number of conditions. They range from mild changes, which may be the result of an infection, to moderate or severe changes, which are a sign of potentially serious pre-cancerous or cancerous tissues. Follow-Up for Abnormal Pap Smears The doctor will make recommendations for additional testing or treatment based upon the patient's age and type of dysplasia, or abnormal cells which are found in the cervix. Repeated Pap Smear Some patients may require a repeat Pap smear every three months for follow-up, until the Pap smear results return to normal. This is a standard approach when the changes that were detected in the cervical cells are considered minor, and they will often resolve with no treatment. However, these follow-up appointments are essential to ensure that the initial results were an anomaly. Colposcopy The doctor may recommend a colposcopy test if the Pap smear is abnormal. During the colposcopy, a microscope is used to examine the cervix more closely and a biopsy is taken from the cervix. The exam itself is similar to a Pap smear in that a speculum is inserted into the vagina so that the cervix is visible. After the biopsy results are received, the doctor will recommend any treatment indicated to prevent cervical cancer. Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure Some patients will need a mini-surgery called loop electrosurgical excision procedure, also known as LEEP, to remove precancerous cells from the cervix. During the procedure, the abnormal cells are removed to prevent the development of cervical cancer. Wire loops attached to an electrosurgical generator cut away the affected tissue, causing the cells to heat and burst. The tissue removed is sent to a lab for further evaluation and to ensure that the abnormal area has been fully removed. False positive results of Pap smears may sometimes occur. Recent research and new technology has led to more accurate tests, however these are more costly and are not always covered by insurance. If a false positive result occurs, the doctor may recommend the use of a different test to confirm the results. The possibility for false negative results also exists. It is recommended to regularly receive a Pap smear as a part of a woman's annual wellness exam. The patient should discuss all testing results and treatment options with the doctor.
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The annual gynecological exam, also known as a gynecological well-visit, is a yearly preventative and diagnostic examination which serves to maintain the wellness of female patients, as well as monitor any ongoing physical and hormonal conditions. This annual visit is an opportunity for doctors to counsel patients about maintaining a healthy lifestyle and minimizing health risks. The annual gynecological exam includes a routine breast and pelvic exam, and may include a screening for sexually transmitted diseases, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea. A Pap test may also be performed depending on the age and sexual history of the patient. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that women begin annual pelvic exams at the age of 21. During the annual well-visit, a physical examination will be performed to assess the patient's overall health. The examination may vary based on the patient's age and sexual history, but most annual gynecological examinations may include the following: Pelvic exam Breast exam Pap smear HPV screening Blood pressure check Height and weight measurement Urine screening Cholesterol screening every 3 to 5 years Complete blood count Thyroid screening Screening for blood in stool In addition, there are several other tests that may be recommended for patients. These may include monthly self examination of the breasts, mammograms, bone density screenings, skin and mole examinations, blood sugar tests and others, based on age, individual medical history, family history, and lifestyle habits.
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A mammogram is an X-ray examination of the breast. It is performed to detect breast cancer in its earliest stages, often before any signs or symptoms of the disease are present. Mammography allows doctors to detect small tumors that are easier to treat than larger, more developed tumors. And it can also detect small abnormal growths in the milk ducts of the breast, called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Early removal of these growths will remove the risk of future harm. Mammograms are an effective way to detect cancer early and can aid in the goal of successfully treating and beating the disease. Reasons for a Mammogram A mammogram can show abnormalities, such as a tumor, in the breast tissue long before they can be felt. Mammograms may be performed for screening or diagnostic purposes. Screening Mammograms Screenings involve producing images of both breasts in order to detect any tumors that cannot yet be felt under the skin. They can also detect calcium deposits that may indicate breast cancer. Diagnostic Mammograms Diagnostic mammograms are performed after a lump or other sign of breast cancer has been detected or after abnormalities were present during a screening mammogram. This procedure targets a specific area of the breast and takes more detailed images from many different angles. Both screening and diagnostic mammography can help diagnose breast diseases, lumps, cysts and benign and malignant tumors. Candidates for a Mammogram It is recommended that women older than 40 have mammograms annually. Patients with the following risk factors should take extra care to be screened regularly: Personal or family history of breast cancer Abnormal changes in the breast Long-term use of hormone therapy Studies have shown that regular screenings can help reduce the number of breast cancer deaths in women. Detecting cancer early and treating it immediately, before it spreads, increases a patient's chance of remission. Preparing for the Procedure Patients should not schedule a mammogram the week before they have their period, as the breasts are usually tender at this time. The doctor may ask the patient not to wear deodorant or lotion under the arms or on the breasts on the day of the mammogram. Otherwise, there is no special preparation needed for the procedure. The Mammogram Procedure During a mammogram, the breast is placed on a small platform and compressed with a paddle while it is exposed to a very low dose of radiation. Compression helps even out the thickness of the breast so that all breast tissue can be visualized, and it also holds the breast still to minimize blurring of the image caused by patient movement. Images of the breast tissue are produced and then displayed on a computer screen for the doctor to view. The patient may experience pressure on the breast from the compression, which may be uncomfortable if the breasts are sensitive. Most patients tolerate the mammogram procedure with no problem. Risks of a Mammogram A mammogram is considered to be a safe procedure for most women, including those with breast implants. Patients should advise their doctors if they are pregnant or have any preexisting medical conditions.
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Menopause is the time in a woman's life when her menstrual period has stopped. Menopause is caused by a decrease in the ovaries' production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone, which eventually results in the ovaries' ceasing to produce eggs, and the end of menstruation. A woman has reached menopause when she has not had a menstrual period for at least 12 months. Menopause is a natural process that takes several years. During this time, fertility decreases, and periods often change in duration, frequency, and amount of blood flow. This stage is known as perimenopause, and it is often when symptoms of menopause begin. The average age that menopause occurs is 51, although it may occur prematurely in women who have had total hysterectomies or have received chemotherapy or radiation treatments. Symptoms of Menopause The symptoms of menopause can vary, with some women experiencing no symptoms at all and others experiencing multiple severe symptoms. The first phase of menopause often begins with irregular periods, and can include the following symptoms: Insomnia Hot flashes Night sweats Fatigue Discomfort during intercourse Vaginal dryness or itchiness Urinary tract infection Bladder control issues Weight gain Thinning hair Dry skin Menopause can also have mental and emotional effects, causing mood swings, depression and irritability. Diagnosis of Menopause Menopause is usually diagnosed based on symptoms. In some cases, blood tests are used to make an accurate diagnosis, and rule out any underlying conditions. Two tests are typically used. Follicle-Stimulating-Hormone Test A follicle-stimulating-hormone (FSH) test measures the level of follicle-stimulating hormone in the blood. When a woman's estrogen levels begin to decrease, the pituitary gland in the brain causes FSH to be released, stimulating estrogen production by the ovaries. If a woman's levels of FSH are rising, menopause is often the most likely cause. Thyroid-Stimulating-Hormone Test A thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH) test measures levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood. It helps to determine whether hypothyroidism is responsible for symptoms; an underactive thyroid can cause symptoms similar to those of menopause. Vaginal pH testing is also used to help diagnose menopause; pH levels increase to about 6 from the reproductive years' average of 4.5. Treatment of Menopause Treatment for menopause varies depending on the individual. One treatment is hormone-replacement therapy (HRT), in which medication containing estrogen or progesterone is prescribed to replace the hormones that are deficient within the ovaries. These synthetic forms of hormones are delivered through pills, patches or creams. However, there are risks associated with HRT, including heart disease, stroke and breast cancer. Risks may vary depending on a woman's health history and lifestyle. Before deciding if HRT is appropriate, a woman should discuss its risks and benefits with her doctor. Women suffering from depression or mood changes due to menopause may benefit from taking antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications. Low-dose vaginal estrogen, which is available in a pill or cream form, can be prescribed to help reduce dryness within the vagina. Medication is also available to treat the osteoporosis often caused by menopause. Women who maintain a healthy and active lifestyle may experience less discomfort during menopause. Complications of Menopause In addition to temporary discomfort and symptoms, menopause can cause long-term health complications for women. The bone disease osteoporosis is a common concern for women who have been through menopause. During menopause, production of estrogen, which supports bone mass, decreases. The drop in estrogen causes bones to become less dense, and prone to fracture and injury. Additional complications of menopause may include the following: Cardiovascular disease Urinary incontinence Sexual dysfunction Women experiencing menopause should consult with their physicians for effective treatment of symptoms, and recommendations for reducing the chances of complications.
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Menstruation is the monthly vaginal bleeding a woman experiences as the uterine lining is shed. Every month, an ovary releases an egg that travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus. If the egg is not fertilized, the egg and lining of the uterus are shed, resulting in menstruation. The average menstrual period lasts from 3 to 5 days, although it can vary from person to person and from month to month. Menstruation typically begins between the ages of 11 and 14. The average menstrual cycle (the time between periods) is 28 days long. However, cycles vary, and can range from 21 to 35 days. In addition to vaginal bleeding, during her period a woman may experience the following: Abdominal pain or cramping Lower-back pain Sore breasts Abdominal bloating Headache Mood swings Fatigue Using a heating pad or taking a warm bath can soothe menstrual cramps. Taking over-the-counter pain medication is also usually effective. A regular monthly cycle can be an important indicator of gynecological functions. Heavy bleeding; severe pain or cramping; bleeding between periods; or periods lasting more than 7 days can be signs of a serious health problem, and should be discussed with a physician. Getting a monthly period continues until menopause, which begins, on average, when a woman is 51 years old.
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Ovulation occurs when an egg is released from an ovary. Once released, it enters one of the fallopian tubes and travels toward the uterus. If the egg is fertilized by sperm, it implants in the uterine wall (endometrium), and pregnancy occurs. If the egg remains unfertilized, the uterine lining is shed during menstruation. Ovulation usually takes place between the 10th and 14th days of a menstrual cycle, but varies among women or from month to month. Symptoms of Ovulation Not all women have physical symptoms of ovulation. However, those that do may experience the following: Abdominal cramps Vaginal mucus-like secretions Change in basal body temperature Basal body temperature, which is the body's temperature when it is at rest, can increase slightly during ovulation. Detection of Ovulation When a woman is trying to conceive, she may want to pinpoint the time of ovulation to maximize her chances of getting pregnant. In addition to looking for physical signs, the following can be used to detect ovulation: Urine tests to measure hormone levels Endometrial biopsy Blood tests to measure hormone levels Transvaginal ultrasound Basal body temperature chart There are several over-the-counter ovulation kits that a woman can use at home to help her track when she is ovulating. More advanced testing can be performed by a physician. Ovulation detection is sometimes used as natural, albeit unreliable, method of birth control. By determining when she is ovulating, a woman can abstain from sexual activity when she is most fertile.
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Pregnancy testing is performed to determine whether or not a woman has a fertilized embryo in her uterus. A pregnancy test detects the presence of the hormone human chorionic gonadoptropin (hCG) in the body. This hormone is usually only produced when an egg has successfully been fertilized and attaches to the uterine wall. Levels of hCG rise quickly and within a matter of days after a woman becomes pregnant. There are two types of pregnancy tests that are commonly performed; one uses a sample of urine, and the other, a sample of blood. Both tests measure the levels of hCG in a woman's body. Urine Tests A home pregnancy test allows a woman to find out, in the privacy of her home, if she is pregnant. For the most accurate results, a woman is advised to wait 1 week after a missed period before taking a home pregnancy test. The test usually contains a stick that the woman holds under her urine stream. The stick is then inserted into a plastic container and, after a few minutes, an indicator gives a positive or negative result for pregnancy. Although most often used at home, a urine test is also used at a doctor's office. If the results of a home pregnancy test are positive, a woman should see her doctor for further testing to confirm the pregnancy. In some cases, a urine test produces a false negative if it is taken too early. Therefore, a woman whose result is negative but who is experiencing typical signs of pregnancy, such as fatigue, nausea and breast tenderness, should schedule an appointment with her doctor. Blood Tests Pregnancy testing through a blood test is performed only by a doctor. A blood test is considered the most accurate form of pregnancy test because it can measure even a very small quantity of hCG. A quantitative blood test, also known as a beta hCG test, measures the exact amount of hCG in the blood. These tests are very effective, and provide an accurate pregnancy result approximately 6 to 8 days after ovulation.
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Sonography (ultrasound procedure) is a quick, painless diagnostic imaging technique. It uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the internal organs. A sonogram is the image that is produced by performing sonography or ultrasonography. During pregnancy, a sonogram is performed to obtain information about how the fetus is developing. It is used to check the fetus's blood flow and heartbeat, as well as estimate its age and delivery date. It is also performed to check the female pelvic organs during pregnancy. Reasons for Sonography Sonography is used to monitor and diagnose a wide variety of conditions within nearly any system of the body. A sonogram is often considered a standard part of prenatal care because it can reveal a broad range of information regarding the overall health of both the mother and fetus. Generally, sonograms are conducted in the first trimester of pregnancy, although additional ones may be ordered throughout the second or third trimesters. Additional uses for sonography include the following: Determine whether multiple fetuses are present Identify problems in the ovaries, placenta or uterus Assess the growth, positioning and gender of the fetus Identify any physical or developmental problems with the fetus Discover the presence of an ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage Investigate complications such as infection or bleeding Sonography is usually part of prenatal care, but for some patients, frequent sonograms are recommended. Women who have previously miscarried, as well as those who experience spotting or complications, may need to undergo additional sonograms as precautionary measures. The Benefits of Sonography Sonography is a noninvasive and simple way to procure images of soft tissue, which usually does not show up well on X-rays. It is safe for pregnant women because there is no ionizing radiation involved, and it has no serious side effects. In some cases, however, a sonogram may not detect all birth defects, or may indicate the presence of a birth defect that is not actually there. In most cases, however, a sonogram is considered extremely helpful in detecting abnormalities, and improving a woman's chances for a healthy pregnancy and delivery. The Sonography Procedure Most women will have at least two sonograms during a pregnancy. Preparing for sonography varies, depending on the objective of the imaging. A women who is having a sonogram of the uterus or ovaries should have a full bladder; this enables the organs to be more easily viewed. Sonography begins with the patient's lying down on an examination table, and gel being applied to the skin at the area targeted for imaging. The sonographer moves a special hand-held device (transducer) across the area. The transducer enables sound waves to be transmitted between the body and the device, which then relays information to a computer. Sonograms are typically painless, although some patients may experience slight discomfort. In some cases, sonography may be performed transvaginally. A transvaginal sonogram involves attaching the transducer to a probe that is inserted directly into the vagina. Whether performed abdominally or transvaginally, a sonogram usually takes about 30 minutes to complete. The images produced by either method are viewed on a computer screen in real time. Results are then analyzed, and findings discussed with the patient.
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A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus and can sometimes include the ovaries and fallopian tubes. This is a common procedure for women in the United States and is performed over 600,000 times each year. A hysterectomy stops the menstrual cycle and prevents pregnancy. It is a permanent procedure that cannot be reversed. Although a hysterectomy is often considered a last line of defense, it can often be effective in treating reproductive conditions. Some of the reasons for a hysterectomy include: Uterine fibroids Endometriosis Uterine prolapse Pelvic adhesions Persistent pain or bleeding Cancer A hysterectomy can be performed through different methods, depending on the initial reason and the personal health and preferences of the patient. Many hysterectomies can be performed laparoscopically, which requires small incisions. Laparoscopy can often be used for a vaginal hysterectomy, which generally has fewer complications and smaller scars. An open abdominal hysterectomy uses larger incisions. A total hysterectomy removes the uterus and cervix. It may also remove the ovaries and fallopian tubes. A subtotal hysterectomy removes the uterus but leaves the cervix. A radical hysterectomy removes the uterus, cervix, tubes, ovaries and the pelvic lymph nodes. This is usually done for patients with cancer or other serious diseases. While a hysterectomy is generally considered safe, there are certain risks involved. Some risks of a hysterectomy include blood loss, bowel or bladder injuries, or problems with anesthesia.
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A sexually transmitted disease, or STD, is a disease or infection that is spread from one person to another through sexual contact. Most STDs are caused by bacteria, parasites or viruses, that are transmitted through contact with the genitals, skin, mouth, rectum, or bodily fluids. STDs can cause problems ranging from mild irritation to severe pain. Left untreated, some STDs can cause illness, cancer, infertility or harm to a fetus during pregnancy Risk Factors for STDS STDs may be caused by a bacterial or viral infection that is spread through sexual contact. Individuals who may be more at risk for contacting an STD may include those who: Engage in unprotected sex Have multiple sexual partners Are already infected with an STD Abuse drugs or alcohol Share needles for drug use or tattoos In many cases, sexually transmitted diseases have no symptoms, especially in women, so a person may not even know if they have been infected. Periodic testing is recommended for anyone who may be at risk for an STD, including those who have multiple sexual partners, even if they are having protected sex. Types of STD Testing STD testing is not part of a standard physical exam or gynecological checkup, so unless an STD infection is suspected by a physician, testing must be specifically requested. The method of testing may vary depending upon the type of STD and it may include the following methods: Blood test Urine test Swab sample from the genitals Tissue sample There are also several at-home test kits available for certain STDs. These tests usually involve the individual collecting a urine sample or a genital swab at home and sending it to a laboratory for analysis. Results are usually received within a few days. In some cases, because the sample is taken at home and not in a completely sterile environment, results of these test may not always be reliable. Positive test results from at-home STD tests, should always be confirmed by a doctor. If an individual tests positive for an STD, a treatment plan should be discussed with and developed by a doctor. Fortunately, there are many effective treatments available for most STDS and although many STDs cannot be cured, there is medication available to treat and manage symptoms. Patients infected with a sexually transmitted disease should inform any sex partners of the infection to make sure they are tested and treated. This reduces the risk of re-infection and spreading the disease to a partner. STDs are serious infections that can cause lifelong or recurring symptoms and side effects. It is important for individuals to practice safe sex and get tested often.
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Breast exams are physical and visual inspections of the breasts. They are an important part of an OBGYN checkup because breast exams can help identify any unusual lumps or suspicious growths around the breasts. In addition, a doctor can teach a patient how to perform these exams at home every month in order to recognize any changes on their own breasts. Breast exams can be a very useful tool for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. During a breast exam, a doctor may ask the patient place their arm in several positions to view and examine the breast from various angles. For the physical portion of the exam, the doctor will rotate his or her fingers around the entire breast, applying changing levels of pressure to feel areas near the surface as well as deeper within the breast. Both breasts will be examined. Women are encouraged to do self-breast examinations every month, about five days after their period begins. This is the time that the breast are the least tender and lumpy. If patients feel anything different or suspicious during the breast exam, they should consult their doctor immediately. In some cases, patients may be sent for a mammogram to further examine their breast.
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A transvaginal ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging test used for examining female reproductive organs. It may be performed to diagnose the cause of various abnormalities, including menstrual irregularities, pelvic pain, infertility, and uterine fibroids, or it may be performed to monitor a fetus' growth during the early stages of pregnancy. Reasons for a Transvaginal Ultrasound A physician may decide a transvaginal ultrasound is necessary when the patient suffers from: Abnormalities such as cysts or fibroid tumors Menstrual problems such as abnormal bleeding Infertility Ectopic pregnancy Pelvic pain The Transvaginal Ultrasound Procedure Other than emptying the bladder beforehand, no preparation is usually required for a transvaginal ultrasound. On the day of the procedure, it is best for the patient to arrive wearing comfortable, loose-fitting clothing, although she may be asked to change into a gown before the transvaginal ultrasound begins. During the transvaginal ultrasound, the patient will lie down on her back with her feet in stirrups. The transducer, responsible for producing images, will be wrapped in protective covering and gel and then inserted into the vagina. As the transducer is moved around, the images it produces will be immediately sent to a nearby television screen. A transvaginal ultrasound usually takes between 30 and 60 minutes to perform, and is virtually painless. The results of a transvaginal ultrasound are usually available a few days after the exam when the doctor will discuss the results with the patient. If the test results indicate any abnormalities, the doctor will develop a customized treatment plan based on the patient's condition.
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Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers to affect women. It develops in the cervix, which is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that forms the canal that opens into the vagina. Cervical cancer is often caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is passed from person to person through genital contact, usually during vaginal or anal sex. Most women infected with HPV will not get cervical cancer, and treatment is usually successful when the disease is discovered in its early stages. Types of Cervical Cancer Cervical cancers are classified by cell type. The two main types are squamous cell carcinoma, which forms in the squamous cells on the surface of the cervix, and adenocarcinoma, which forms in the mucous-producing glands. Squamous cell carcinoma is by far the most common cervical cancer, accounting for approximately 80 percent to 90 percent of cases. Risks for Cervical Cancer The greatest risk for getting cervical cancer is to become infected with HPV, which is found in most women who are diagnosed with cervical cancer. Risk factors for getting HPV may include: Starting to have sex early, before age 18 Having had many sexual partners Being infected with a sexually transmitted infection (STI) Having had a sex partner who had an STI Other risk factors for cervical cancer may include: Having an immune-system deficiency Having genital herpes Smoking Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) Symptoms of Cervical Cancer Because cervical cancer is often asymptomatic, regular screening tests are essential. Screening for cervical cancer is recommended for all women 21 or older, or for those who will become sexually active within three years. Symptoms of cervical cancer may include: Bleeding from the vagina that is not normal An unexplained change in the menstrual cycle Cervical bleeding, possibly during sex or insertion of a diaphragm Pain during sex Vaginal discharge tinged with blood Bleeding after menopause A family history of cervical cancer Treatment of Cervical Cancer Successful treatment of cervical cancer may depend on how early it is detected, which is why regular screenings are so important. Regular screenings should include a Pap test, which checks for abnormal cells in the cervix. The type of treatment usually depends on the stage of the disease, which includes the size and depth of the abnormal cells, and whether or how far they have spread. Cervical cancer treatment may include: Surgery to remove the tumor Biopsy Cryosurgery Hysterectomy Chemotherapy Radiation Prevention of Cervical Cancer The best way to prevent cervical cancer is usually to prevent becoming infected with HPV. Steps that may help to reduce HPV infection include: Not having first sexual intercourse until the late teens or older Having a limited number of sex partners Avoiding sexual intercourse with people who have had many partners Avoiding sexual intercourse with people who have genital warts or other STI symptoms Using condoms during vaginal or anal sex, which also helps protect against STIs Getting vaccinated against HPV At present, there are two vaccines that help to protect girls and young women against the types of HPV that cause most cervical cancers: the CERVARIX® vaccine and the GARDASIL® vaccine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends three doses of vaccine for girls 11 or 12 years old. It also recommends three doses for girls/women 13 to 26 years old who were never vaccinated, or who received fewer than three doses.
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HPV Genital human papillomavirus, also known as HPV, is a sexually transmitted viral infection. There are more than 40 different kinds of HPV that can infect the genitalia, mouth and throats of men and women. For some people, the immune system will remove the infection over the course of two years, but, for others, HPV may lead to genital warts or cancers of the cervix, vulva, vagina and anus. Genital human papillomavirus, also known as HPV, is a sexually transmitted viral infection. There are more than 40 different kinds of HPV that can infect the genitalia, mouth and throats of men and women. For some people, the immune system will remove the infection over the course of two years, but, for others, HPV may lead to genital warts or cancers of the cervix, vulva, vagina and anus. Endometriosis Endometriosis is a painful medical condition that affects many women. It occurs when the endometrium (the tissue that normally lines the uterus) grows beyond the uterus and into other parts of the pelvic area. Endometriosis most commonly affects the ovaries, fallopian tubes and bowels, and the pelvic region behind the uterus. In rare cases, endometrial tissue can spread beyond the pelvis to other areas of the body. Ovarian Cancer Ovarian cancer occurs when normal cells in an ovary change and grow uncontrollably, forming a mass called a tumor. A tumor may be noncancerous or cancerous. Ovarian cancer is a rare type of cancer and is often not detected until it has spread to other areas of the body. When detected early, ovarian cancer can usually be cured with no major complications. Ovarian Cysts An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that can form in the ovaries. The ovaries are two small organs that produce eggs and female hormones. The ovaries affect our body's appearance, menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Polycystic ovary syndrome, also known as PCOS, is a condition that affects a woman's ovaries. The causes of polycystic ovary syndrome are unknown but it is known that between 5 percent to 10 percent of the women in the United States are affected by this condition. It is the leading cause of infertility in women. Sexually Transmitted Diseases A sexually transmitted disease (STD) is a disease or infection that is spread from one person to another through sexual contact. Most STDs are caused by bacteria, parasites or viruses, that are transmitted through contact with the genitals, skin, mouth, rectum, or bodily fluids. There are many different types of viruses that are characterized as STDs, some of which include: Urinary Incontinence Urinary incontinence, also known as UI, is a common condition that involves the involuntary loss of urine. Although it is not usually a serious condition, UI can be embarrassing and affect a person's daily life. Urinary incontinence is most common in women, especially during and after pregnancy, but can affect people of all ages. Urinary Tract Infection A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The urinary tract refers to just the bladder and the urethra, and an infection can develop in either of these areas. These infections occur much more frequently in women than in men and may cause intense pain and discomfort. Uterine Fibroids Uterine fibroids, also known as myomas, are tumors that grow in the uterine walls. They are usually benign and can range in size and quantity. The exact cause of uterine fibroids is unknown, but they may be affected by hormones and genetics, as women are more likely to develop fibroids if they have a family member with the condition. Most fibroids do not cause any symptoms and do not require any treatment, however, in some cases they may lead to pregnancy complications. Uterine fibroids are most common in women over the age of 30 and during the reproductive years. Vaginal Yeast Infection A vaginal yeast infection is a common condition that affects over 75 percent of women at least once in their life, caused by a fungus called Candida albicans. While this type of fungus exists naturally in the vagina, too much of it can cause a vaginal infection. A yeast infection causes itching, burning, redness and irritation in the vaginal area, as well as a white discharge that looks similar to cottage cheese and pain during sexual intercourse.
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Genital human papillomavirus, also known as HPV, is a sexually transmitted viral infection. There are more than 40 different kinds of HPV that can infect the genitalia, mouth and throats of men and women. For some people, the immune system will remove the infection over the course of two years, but, for others, HPV may lead to genital warts or cancers of the cervix, vulva, vagina and anus. More than 20 million people in the United States are infected with HPV, with an estimated six million people becoming infected each year. It is estimated that at least half of all sexually active people will contract HPV at some point in their lives. Causes of HPV The HPV virus is contracted through the following forms of contact: Vaginal sex Anal sex Oral sex Genital-to-genital contact Childbirth Fortunately, many types of HPV can be successfully treated, while others can be managed to prevent complications such as cervical cancer. Symptoms of HPV Symptoms of HPV infection vary depending on the type of HPV and the severity of the infection. Many patients do not experience symptoms at all. In some cases, symptoms may include: Genital warts Cervical cancer Cancer of the vulva, vagina, penis or anus Cancer of the back of the throat Diagnosis of HPV Because many types of HPV do not present any symptoms, regular testing is recommended to screen for cervical cancer and other complications of HPV. There is no standard test to detect HPV viruses. It is important for women to undergo regular Pap tests to detect certain abnormalities that may indicate an HPV infection. If abnormalities are found, a DNA test, which can test for 13 high-risk types of HPV, may be performed. If warts or lesions appear in the genital area, medical attention and testing for HPV. Complications of HPV Although most cases of HPV will clear up on their own, with no side effects or complications, certain types of HPV can develop into cervical, penile or anal cancer. These diseases are most treatable when detected early, making regular screening important. Treatment of HPV While there is no cure for HPV, treatment for symptoms such as genital warts, cervical changes and cervical cancer is available. HPV treatment will depend on the diagnosis and the severity of the infection. Genital warts may be treated with: Medications Creams Cryotherapy Electrocautery Laser treatment or surgery to remove the warts Treatment will remove the genital warts but it does not cure the infection. Patients can still transmit the HPV infection to a sexual partner. Other types of lesions may be treated with surgery, laser treatments or cryotherapy to prevent them from developing into cervical cancer. Prevention of HPV There are currently two vaccines, Gardasil and Cervarix, available to protect against high-risk types of HPV. Gardasil, the first HPV vaccine, targets the types of HPV that cause genital warts. Cervarix helps protect women from cervical cancer. These vaccines are not effective for all types of HPV, so the following recommendations should be followed to reduce the risk of contracting HPV: Abstain from sexual activity Be in a monogamous relationship Use condoms, but note that HPV can infect areas surrounding condom
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Endometriosis is a painful medical condition that affects many women. It occurs when the endometrium (the tissue that normally lines the uterus) grows beyond the uterus and into other parts of the pelvic area. Endometriosis most commonly affects the ovaries, fallopian tubes and bowels, and the pelvic region behind the uterus. In rare cases, endometrial tissue can spread beyond the pelvis to other areas of the body. Endometriosis is usually not a serious condition, but it can cause chronic pain and interfere with daily life. During normal menstruation, the endometrial tissue swells and bleeds, and is shed from the uterine lining. When endometrial tissue grows outside the uterine wall, it can swell and form scar tissue, causing pain and discomfort. Endometriosis can develop any time after a woman begins menstruating, but is typically seen in women in their 30s or 40s. Although some women with endometriosis experience little or no discomfort, others suffer from considerable pain and, in some cases, may experience fertility problems. Causes of Endometriosis While the exact cause of endometriosis is unknown, some research indicates that it may be hereditary. Women who have never had children or who experience longer than normal menstrual cycles may also be more likely to develop endometriosis. Additional causes my include the following: Retrograde menstruation (menstrual blood flows into fallopian tubes and pelvic cavity) Excessive growth of embryonic cells Attachment of endometrial cells to a scar after a surgical incision Endometriosis may also be caused by an immune-system disorder that makes the body unable to detect or destroy endometrial tissue growing outside the uterus. Symptoms of Endometriosis In most cases, endometriosis is characterized by severe pelvic or lower-back pain, usually occurring during menstruation. Other common symptoms of endometriosis may include the following: Excessive menstrual bleeding Pain during or after sexual intercourse Painful urination or an increase in its frequency Infertility Pelvic cramping or pain that has been worsening Vomiting or nausea Exhaustion Bowel movements may also be affected by endometriosis, and many women suffer from constipation and diarrhea. Diagnosis of Endometriosis Doctors often first suspect endometriosis based on the patient's symptoms. Once a medical history has been taken, a pelvic examination is performed. Diagnosis is typically confirmed through screening with an ultrasound, MRI scan or diagnostic laparoscopy, which provide internal views of the abdominal area. Treatment for Endometriosis Depending on a patient's symptoms, treatment for endometriosis varies. In milder cases of endometriosis, conservative methods are often effective at alleviating symptoms. Conservative methods of treatment include over-the-counter or prescription pain relievers, and birth control pills to regulate hormones. If the condition does not respond to treatment with medication, surgery to remove excess endometrial tissue may be required. Surgery for endometriosis is usually performed through minimally invasive laparoscopy, which can thoroughly remove the endometrial tissue. Severe cases of endometriosis may require hysterectomy, which involves the removal of the uterus and cervix. This may help to eliminate the severe pain caused by endometriosis. However, a hysterectomy is typically considered a last-resort form of treatment, especially for women of childbearing age, because they will no longer be able to bear children. There is currently no cure for endometriosis, and no certain method for its prevention. Some women find it beneficial to attend support groups with other women who suffer from endometriosis. With proper treatment and medical attention, endometriosis can be well managed.
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Ovarian cancer occurs when normal cells in an ovary change and grow uncontrollably, forming a mass called a tumor. A tumor may be noncancerous or cancerous. Ovarian cancer is a rare type of cancer and is often not detected until it has spread to other areas of the body. When detected early, ovarian cancer can usually be cured with no major complications. Types of Ovarian Cancer Tumors There are three different types of tissue in the ovaries, and each type can be affected by a different kind of cancer. Epithelial Carcinoma Epithelial carcinoma is the most common type of ovarian cancer and exists when cancer cells form in the tissue that covers the ovaries. Epithelial carcinoma composes 85% to 90% of reported ovarian cancers. Germ Cell Carcinoma Germ cell carcinoma is an uncommon type of ovarian cancer and develops in the egg producing calls of the ovaries. Stromal Cell Carcinoma Stromal cell carcinoma is a rare form of ovarian cancer that develops in the connective tissue cells that hold the ovaries together. These cells produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Most tumors that grow in the ovaries are benign and can be successfully treated, but some may be malignant and can spread to other parts of the body, requiring more complicated treatment. Causes of Ovarian Cancer While the cause of ovarian cancer is not specifically known, some patients are at a higher risk of developing this disease than others. Risk factors for ovarian cancer may include: A personal or family history of cancer People age 55 and older Never been pregnant Taking menopausal hormone therapy Women who think they may be at risk for ovarian cancer should speak to their doctor. Ovarian cancer is often diagnosed during a routine pelvic exam, after a lump appears on an ultrasound image. If a lump is detected, your doctor will biopsy the lump to determine whether or not it is cancerous. Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer Patients with ovarian cancer usually do not experience any symptoms from the disease, especially in the early stages. As the cancer grows, symptoms may include: Pain or pressure in the abdomen or pelvis Bloating Nausea Constipation Diarrhea Fatigue Shortness of breath Frequent urination Treatment of Ovarian Cancer Treatment for ovarian cancer is usually addressed with surgery to remove the tumor, often by removing the entire ovary. This procedure is called an oophorectomy, and may be combined with other procedures to remove the uterus and fallopian tubes. Other treatment options for ovarian cancer may include chemotherapy or radiation therapy to kill remaining cancer cells and ensure that the disease has been removed from the body.
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An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that can form in the ovaries. The ovaries are two small organs that produce eggs and female hormones. The ovaries affect our body's appearance, menstrual cycle and pregnancy. There are several types of ovarian cysts. The most common form of a cyst is a functional cyst. Functional cysts form during ovulation. Eggs that are produced each month are grown in tiny sacs called follicles. After these sacs release the egg, the sac dissolves turning into corpus luteum, which produces hormones. If the sac does not dissolve, a functional cyst will form from the sac and cause them to grow. Normally the cysts disappear within a few months. They are rarely cancerous but can cause mild symptoms. Other types of cysts can form as a result of disease or from the egg not being released. These may be larger and more painful. While some ovarian cysts don't cause any symptoms, others may experience the following symptoms: Pressure, swelling or pain in the abdomen Pelvic pain Pain during sex Weight gain Abnormal bleeding Nausea Vomiting Ovarian cysts can usually be diagnosed during a routine pelvic exam. An ultrasound or blood test may also be used to diagnose and determine the size and type of the cyst. Many cysts will go away on their own, so initial treatment may just be to wait and see if the size changes. Surgery to remove the cyst may be performed in those cysts that do not change or cause pain. If you think you have a cyst, schedule a pelvic exam with your doctor.
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Polycystic ovary syndrome, also known as PCOS, is a condition that affects a woman's ovaries. The causes of polycystic ovary syndrome are unknown but it is known that between 5 percent to 10 percent of the women in the United States are affected by this condition. It is the leading cause of infertility in women. Polycystic ovary syndrome causes many different symptoms that can include: Irregular menstrual periods No menstrual period Excessive body hair Acne Skin tags Pelvic pain Sleep apnea Enlarged ovaries with many cysts Infertility Obesity Patients experiencing symptoms of PCOS, should see their doctor immediately. To diagnose this condition, the doctor may perform a blood test or ultrasound. Treatment of PCOS There is no cure for PCOS. Treatment focuses on treating the symptoms in order to prevent long-term damage. Since symptoms vary, the approach may be focused on a combination of treatments, such as: Regulating the menstrual cycle Reducing excessive hair growth with medication Using diabetic medications Stimulating ovulation with fertility medications Managing weight gain Surgical intervention If left untreated, PCOS can lead to complications such as diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease or metabolic syndrome.
A sexually transmitted disease (STD) is a disease or infection that is spread from one person to another through sexual contact. Most STDs are caused by bacteria, parasites or viruses, that are transmitted through contact with the genitals, skin, mouth, rectum, or bodily fluids. There are many different types of viruses that are characterized as STDs, some of which include: Genital Herpes Gonorrhea Chlamydia HIV HPV Condyloma Syphilis Hepatitis STDs can cause problems ranging from mild irritation to severe pain. Left untreated, some STDs can cause illness, cancer, infertility or harm to a fetus during pregnancy. Causes of Sexually Transmitted Diseases STDs are caused by a bacterial or viral infection that is spread through sexual contact. People who may have a higher risk of contacting an STD includes those who: Engage in unprotected sex Have multiple sexual partners Are already infected with an STD Abuse drugs or alcohol Share needles for drug use or tattoos Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Most sexually transmitted diseases have no symptoms at all, especially in women, so some people may not even know they have been infected with an STD. Other symptoms may vary depending on the specific type of STD and may include: Vaginal or penile discharge Pain during intercourse Painful urination Sores or blisters on the genitals Warts or growths on the genitals Abdominal pain Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Diseases A sexually transmitted disease can be diagnosed by a doctor after a physical examination and review of symptoms. Additional tests may include taking a sample of genital fluids or a culture of swabbed specimens to detect the presence of an STD. Additional tests may include: Urinalysis Blood tests Periodic STD testing is recommended for anyone with multiple sexual partners, even if they are having protected sex. Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment for STDS may vary depending on the specific diagnosis. Although many STDs cannot be cured, there is medication available to treat and manage symptoms. Some STDs can be treated with antibiotics to clear the infection or medication to prevent flare-ups of symptoms. The HIV virus is commonly treated with a combination of antiretroviral drugs. In some cases, as with condyloma, genital warts may be removed through surgical methods. Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sexually transmitted diseases may be prevented by avoiding risky sexual behavior. STDs may be avoided by: Abstaining from sexual activity Using condoms for all sexual activity Remaining in a monogamous relationship Not sharing needles There is currently a vaccination available for certain strains of the HPV virus. Two HPV vaccines, Gardasil and Cervarix, are approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Both vaccines are highly effective in preventing persistent infection with HPV types 16 and 18, which cause most cases of condyloma or genital warts. Both vaccines are effective for females between the ages of 9 and 26 and the Gardasil vaccine is effective for males between the ages of 9 and 26. These vaccinations are administered as three separate injections over the course of six months. STDs are serious infections that can cause lifelong or recurring symptoms and side effects. It is important for all patients to practice safe sex and get tested often.
A vaginal yeast infection is a common condition that affects over 75 percent of women at least once in their life, caused by a fungus called Candida albicans. While this type of fungus exists naturally in the vagina, too much of it can cause a vaginal infection. A yeast infection causes itching, burning, redness and irritation in the vaginal area, as well as a white discharge that looks similar to cottage cheese and pain during sexual intercourse. Treatment of Vaginal Yeast Infection Treatment for a yeast infection is usually through over-the-counter products, although it is important to be sure that a yeast infection is the proper diagnosis. Over-the-counter products can typically treat a yeast infection in one to seven days, and may include creams, vaginal suppositories and tablets. Prescription oral medication is also available for yeast infections. While patients should visit a doctor if they suspect they have a yeast infection for the first time, it is not necessary for frequent infections that can usually be treated at home. Patients can avoid yeast infections by wearing loose-fitting clothing, wearing cotton panties, keeping the genital area clean and dry and by avoiding any type of feminine deodorant products for the genital area. Although rare, it is possible for a yeast infection to be transmitted to a sexual partner.
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Urinary incontinence, also known as UI, is a common condition that involves the involuntary loss of urine. Although it is not usually a serious condition, UI can be embarrassing and affect a person's daily life. Urinary incontinence is most common in women, especially during and after pregnancy, but can affect people of all ages. Causes of Urinary Incontinence Urinary incontinence is often caused by a urinary tract infection or weak muscles in the urinary tract. Some medications may cause weak bladder muscles, therefore causing urinary incontinence. Weak muscles may prevent the closing off of the urethra, and doing certain activities may cause urine to leak. Normal urination involves emptying the bladder when the desire to urinate occurs, at which point the bladder contracts and flows out of the body. Once the bladder is empty, the muscles contract and urination stops. People with UI experience a disruption in this process that causes a loss of bladder control and results in troubling symptoms. Symptoms of Urinary Incontinence In addition to leaking urine, people with UI may also experience: Strong desire to urinate Pelvic pressure Frequent urination Nocturia, or the need to urinate at night while sleeping Painful urination Bed wetting UI is a common condition with many treatment options that can relieve symptoms and allow patients to perform their regular activities without the embarrassment and worry of urinary leakage. Types of Urinary Incontinence Urinary incontinence may be classified into three different types based on causes and symptoms. Urge Urge incontinence is the most common type of incontinence. This type of incontinence involves urine leakage that occurs after a sudden urge to urinate, because the muscle wall of the bladder is overactive. Stress Stress incontinence is defined as urine leakage that occurs after an activity places pressure on the bladder. Activities may include coughing, laughing or sneezing. Overflow Overflow incontinence occurs as the result of an inactive bladder muscle that does not completely empty the bladder after urination. This is the least common of the types of incontinence. Diagnosis of Urinary Incontinence Patients exhibiting the symptoms of UI should see their doctor to determine the cause, type and severity of their condition. Doctors can diagnose urinary incontinence through a series of tests and an evaluation of the patient's medical history. Patients may also be asked to keep a bladder or urination diary to record the frequency and circumstances of their urination troubles. Testing may begin with a pelvic exam to detect any physical abnormalities, and may also include: Blood tests Urinalysis Cystogram A stress test to determine if any urine leaks during physically stressful situations After a diagnosis of UI, the physician may perform further testing to determine the cause of the condition, in order to recommend the most appropriate treatment approach. Treatment of Urinary Incontinence There are many different treatment options available for urinary incontinence, depending on the severity of the condition. Conservative treatments are often effective, and may include: Bladder training Avoiding alcohol and caffeine Medication to control pelvic muscle spasms. Kegel exercises For more severe cases, a medical device such as a urethral insert or pessary may be inserted through the vagina to prevent urine leakage. Surgery may also be recommended to provide support to the bladder neck to relieve symptoms caused by UI. However, there are certain risks associated with surgery, including infection, bladder spasms or recurring incontinence. A doctor will determine which treatment is best for each patient after a thorough evaluation of their condition. Prevention of Urinary Incontinence Not all cases of urinary incontinence can be prevented, however the following recommendations may help in controlling urinary incontinence in some people: Drinking less fluids Emptying the bladder regularly Avoiding caffeinated beverages Kegel exercises may also be effective at strengthening the muscles of the pelvic floor which can help to prevent incontinence.
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A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The urinary tract refers to just the bladder and the urethra, and an infection can develop in either of these areas. These infections occur much more frequently in women than in men and may cause intense pain and discomfort. Causes of a UTI Most urinary tract infections are a result of a bacterial infection, but may also develop as a result of: Use of diaphragm or condom with spermicidal agents Long-term use of a catheter Loss of estrogen due to menopause Sexual activity can often spread bacteria and cause a UTI. In some cases, diabetes may cause a decrease in immune function causing some individuals to be more susceptible to urinary tract infections. Symptoms of a UTI A urinary tract infection causes the lining of the bladder and urethra to become inflamed and irritated. The irritation can cause pain in the abdomen and pelvic area and may cause some of the following symptoms: Burning with urination Strong, constant urge to urinate Fever Blood in the urine may also be a sign of a urinary tract infection. Diagnosis of a UTI Urinary tract infections are diagnosed through a physical examination and a review of symptoms. A simple urine test is also performed to detect the presence of bacteria in the urine. In some cases, an ultrasound is performed to further examine the urinary tract. Treatment of a UTI Most urinary tract infections are treated with antibiotics. Pain medication may be prescribed to relieve the burning sensation while urinating. Patients are also advised to drink plenty of fluids. Left untreated, a urinary tract infection can lead to kidney infections and cause permanent damage to the kidneys. Prevention of a UTI While not all urinary tract infections can be avoided, the following recommendations may help to prevent a UTI from occurring: Drink plenty of fluids to keep well hydrated Urinate after intercourse to flush bacteria Do not use contraceptives with spermicidal foam Use proper hygiene by wiping from front to back after bowel movements It is also important to empty the bladder completely when urinating.
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Uterine fibroids, also known as myomas, are tumors that grow in the uterine walls. They are usually benign and can range in size and quantity. The exact cause of uterine fibroids is unknown, but they may be affected by hormones and genetics, as women are more likely to develop fibroids if they have a family member with the condition. Most fibroids do not cause any symptoms and do not require any treatment, however, in some cases they may lead to pregnancy complications. Uterine fibroids are most common in women over the age of 30 and during the reproductive years. Symptoms of Uterine Fibroids Uterine fibroids are growths or benign masses that can form on the inside or outside of the uterus. In many cases, women do not experience any symptoms from uterine fibroids. If symptoms are present, the most common symptoms may include: Heavy bleeding Feeling of fullness Pelvic pressure Lower back pain Frequent urination If uterine fibroids grow very large they may put pressure on the large bowel, causing painful bowel movements, constipation or hemorrhoids. In some cases, sexual intercourse may also be painful because of large uterine fibroids. Complications of Uterine Fibroids In rare cases, uterine fibroids may cause cause infertility or pregnancy complications. Uterine fibroids may prevent implantation and growth of an embryo. If the fibroids cause infertility or miscarriage, a doctor may recommend removing the fibroids before attempting another pregnancy. Fibroids present during pregnancy may increase the risk of premature delivery and cesarean section. Diagnosis of Uterine Fibroids Uterine fibroids are commonly discovered during a pelvic exam. If fibroids are suspected, the doctor may confirm the diagnosis with blood tests and additional imaging tests that may include: Ultrasound Hysterosonography MRI scan Hysterosalpingography Treatment of Uterine Fibroids In cases where women do not experience any problems or symptoms with uterine fibroids, no treatment may be necessary as doctors may choose to just monitor the condition. Uterine fibroids usually grow slowly and tend to shrink after menopause, when reproductive hormones levels drop. When uterine fibroids cause uncomfortable symptoms, hormonal medications may be prescribed to shrink the fibroids. A common method used to treat uterine fibroids is a procedure called fibroid embolization. Fibroid embolization, is a minimally invasive procedure that blocks blood flow to uterine fibroids, shrinking or destroying the tumors that grow on the uterine walls. There are several other minimally invasive procedures available to treat uterine fibroids without the use of surgery. These procedures may include: Laparoscopic myomectomy Myolysis Endometrial ablation and resection of fibroids In cases where the uterine fibroids have grown very large, more traditional surgical methods such as an abdominal myomectomy or hysterectomy may be performed. A hysterectomy is an option only for women who longer want to have children, as the entire uterus is removed. Except for a hysterectomy, and while rare, there is a possibility that new fibroids may develop after all treatments have been performed.
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Contraception is any method of birth control used to prevent pregnancy. A woman has many birth control options; which are appropriate depend on her age, overall health and lifestyle. Contraception can be permanent or temporary. Some types of contraception are more effective than others, and it is up to each woman to decide which type is right for her. During a woman's monthly cycle, the ovaries produce an egg that moves through the fallopian tubes into the uterus. When an active sperm reaches and fertilizes the egg, it attaches to the wall of the uterus and begins to develop. There are various methods of contraception that prevent pregnancy, some by changing the process of a woman's cycle, and some by ensuring that the sperm and egg do not meet. Methods of Contraception There are two basic types of contraception available. Some are available by prescription only, and others can be purchased over the counter, at a pharmacy. Barrier Methods A barrier method of contraception places a barrier or block between the sperm and the egg, thus preventing pregnancy from occurring. Common barrier methods include: Cervical cap Diaphragm Sponge Condom Condoms and sponges may be purchased over the counter, but diaphragms and cervical caps must be prescribed and fitted by a physician. Spermicide, a substance that kills sperm, can be used in conjunction with all barrier methods except the sponge, which already contains a spermicide. Hormonal Methods Hormonal methods of birth control use hormones to prevent pregnancy. Most methods use estrogen or progestin, or a combination of the two. Both hormones prevent a woman's body from ovulating or releasing an egg. In addition, progestin causes the mucus within the cervix to thicken, making it difficult for the sperm to reach the egg. Common hormonal methods of birth control include: Birth control pills Injections Vaginal ring Patch Implant IUD Hormonal methods of birth control are prescribed by a physician after a physical examination. The doctor determines which type of hormonal method of contraception is appropriate for each individual. Birth control pills must be taken on a daily basis, or on a schedule determined by the physician. In order for birth control pills to be effective, they must be taken daily or as directed by a doctor. Other types of hormonal methods, such as a vaginal ring, implant or IUD, are surgically implanted into the woman's cervix or uterus, and release a steady stream of hormones. To be effective, both barrier and hormonal methods of contraception must be used consistently and correctly. Risks of Contraception In general, hormonal methods of birth control have more risks associated with them than barrier methods. Barrier Methods Although most barrier methods of birth control are safe, they are associated with the following risks: Vaginal or cervical irritation Allergic reaction to spermicides Toxic shock syndrome Urinary tract infection Allergic reaction to latex It is important to note that condoms are the only method of contraception that provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases and HIV. Hormonal Methods Although most methods of hormonal birth control are safe, they are associated with the following risks: Irregular bleeding Heart attack Skin or vaginal irritation Blood clots Headache Weight gain Stroke Women who are older than 35 or who smoke have a much higher risk of heart attack or stroke when using hormonal birth control methods. Hormonal methods of birth control do not provide any protection against the HIV virus or sexually transmitted diseases. It is important to consider all risks inherent in a particular method of birth control before choosing it. Considerations of Contraception Choosing a method of birth control is a personal decision. It is important for a woman to consider the following before deciding which method of birth control is right for her: Age Personal health issues Risks Hormone levels Frequency Effectiveness Permanence No contraception method is 100 percent effective. Women should consult with their doctors about the different types of oral contraception available, and to get answers to any questions they may have about contraception and family planning. of birth control
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A contraceptive skin patch is a hormonal method of birth control. A small adhesive patch is worn on the skin; it releases hormones that are absorbed by the body. The hormones released are estrogen and progestin, which prevent a woman's body from ovulating (releasing an egg). In addition, progestin causes the mucus within the cervix to thicken, making it difficult for the sperm to reach the egg. The contraceptive skin patch is a convenient form of birth control because, unlike oral contraceptives, which have to be taken daily, the patch is used for a week at a time. Prescription and Use of the Contraceptive Skin Patch A contraceptive skin patch is prescribed by a physician after a physical examination. The doctor determines which levels of hormones are appropriate for each individual. The patch can be worn on the chest, buttocks, arm, upper back or abdomen. A new patch is worn for a week at a time, for a total of 3 weeks in a row. On the fourth week, a patch is not worn, which allows menstruation to occur. Benefits of the Contraceptive Skin Patch The contraceptive skin patch can be removed, if desired, at any time. In addition to preventing pregnancy, a contraceptive skin patch has all the benefits of hormonal methods of birth control, which include the following: Lighter and shorter periods Reduced menstrual cramps Decrease in acne Decreased risk of uterine and ovarian cancers Hormonal birth control methods such as the skin patch may also be used to treat abnormal or painful uterine bleeding, and endometriosis. Risks of the Contraceptive Skin Patch Although the contraceptive skin patch is a common and safe form of birth control, it does have some side effects and risks, which include the following: Skin irritation Irregular bleeding Heart attack Blood clot Headache Weight gain Stroke High blood pressure The contraceptive skin patch does not provide any protection against HIV or sexually transmitted diseases. Women who are older than 35 or who smoke have a much higher risk of heart attack or stroke when using hormonal birth control methods such as the contraceptive skin patch. No contraception method is 100 percent effective. Women should consult with their doctors about the different types of oral contraception available, and to get answers to any questions they may have about contraception and family planning.
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Emergency contraception is a form of birth control used to prevent pregnancy after a woman has had unprotected sex. Emergency contraception can also be used to prevent pregnancy after a sexual assault, or when any method of birth control is not used correctly. One form of emergency contraception is often referred to as the "morning after pill." It is a form of oral contraception that contains hormones, and is most effective when taken within 72 hours of unprotected sexual intercourse. In some cases, a copper intrauterine device (IUD) is used as a form of emergency contraception; it must be inserted within 5 days of having unprotected sex to be effective. Types of Emergency Contraception Some forms of emergency contraception are available only with a prescription, whereas others can be purchased over the counter at a pharmacy. Over-the-Counter Oral Contraception Available without a prescription, these forms of emergency contraception are pills that contain high levels of the hormone progestin, which works to delay ovulation. In some cases, proof of age (17 and older) is required before they can be purchased. The pills should be taken as soon as possible after unprotected sex, and are most effective within 72 hours of unprotected sex. They may be sold under the following: Plan B One Step® brand name Next Choice One Dose® brand name My Way® brand name In some instances in which emergency birth control is needed, women may take a higher dose of the birth control pills they are currently using, although this should only be done under the direction of a physician. Prescription Contraception Ulipristal acetate (sold under the Ella® brand name) is a type of emergency contraception pill. Ulipristal acetate works to delay ovulation, and may help prevent implantation. This form of emergency contraception requires a prescription. It is effective if taken within 5 days of unprotected sexual intercourse. An IUD is a form of prescription contraception that is placed into the uterus by a physician; it can be used in emergency situations and as a regular form of birth control. An IUD may be effective if it is inserted within 5 days after having unprotected sex. The IUD works by stopping sperm from joining an egg, or preventing a fertilized egg from attaching to the uterus. The IUD may be removed after the next menstrual cycle or, if desired, can be left in place as a future method of birth control. Risks of Emergency Contraception Emergency contraception should not be used if a woman thinks she may already be pregnant. Side effects of oral emergency contraception include the following: Nausea Vomiting Dizziness Headaches Breast tenderness Abdominal pain Fatigue Side effects from an IUD are rare, but may include pelvic inflammation or injury to the uterus. Methods of emergency contraception should not be used as a regular form of birth control.
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Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are a method of birth control that has few side effects. They can provide long-term effective protection towards prevention of pregnancy. The devices require precision and care to be fully effective and protect against infection. Improper insertion of an IUD can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and other pelvic infections. IUDs should only be inserted or removed by a trained health care professional who will minimize risks for complications or serious damage. During proper IUD insertion, the cervix and uterus are measured and the IUD is inserted to the proper depth with a tube. A string is left hanging in the cervical canal for maintenance and removal purposes. During removal, the strings are located and grasped with a clamp to slowly release and remove the IUD.
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Birth control is any method of contraception used to prevent pregnancy. A woman has many birth control options; which are appropriate depend on her age, overall health and lifestyle. One type of contraception, oral contraception, uses hormones to prevent pregnancy. Birth control pills are a form of oral contraception taken in pill or tablet form. During a woman's monthly cycle, the ovaries produce an egg that moves through the fallopian tubes into the uterus. When an active sperm reaches and fertilizes the egg, it attaches to the wall of the uterus and begins to develop. Hormonal methods of birth control use hormones to prevent pregnancy. Most methods use estrogen or progestin or a combination of the two. Both hormones prevent the a woman's body from ovulating or releasing an egg. In addition, progestin causes the mucus within the cervix to thicken, making it difficult for the sperm to reach the egg. Prescriptions for Oral Contraception Birth control pills are prescribed by a physician after a physical examination. The doctor determines which type of hormonal method of contraception is appropriate for each individual. Most methods of oral contraception require the individual to take one birth control pill on a daily basis, or on a schedule determined by the physician. In order for the pill to be effective, it must be taken daily or as directed by a doctor. Benefits of Oral Contraception While the main benefit of oral contraception is the prevention of pregnancy, oral contraceptives may be used to treat other medical conditions, including: Abnormal uterine bleeding Acne Endometriosis Dysmenorrhea (painful uterine bleeding) Hirsutism Polycystic ovary syndrome Some forms of oral contraception may be used for emergency contraception. These pills may contain strong hormones and may be taken within 72 hours of unprotected sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy. Risks of Oral Contraception While most methods of oral contraception are safe, there are risks, which may include the following: Irregular bleeding Heart attack Blood clot Headache Weight gain Stroke High blood pressure Hormonal methods of birth control do not provide any protection against HIV or sexually transmitted diseases. Women who are older than the age of 35 or who smoke have a much higher risk of heart attack or stroke when using hormonal birth control methods. Women who are pregnant should not take any form of oral contraceptive. No contraception method is 100 percent effective. Women should consult with their doctors about the different types of oral contraception available, and to get answers to any questions they may have about contraception and family planning.
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Tubal ligation is a surgical procedure that involves blocking, tying or cutting a woman's fallopian tubes to prevent eggs from traveling into the tubes and being fertilized. It is a permanent form of birth control so you must be sure that you do not want to have more children in the future. Tubal ligation is not 100% effective; pregnancy can occur if the tubes grow back together or create a new passage. This is a rare occurrence and the procedure is effective for most women. Tubal ligation is performed either laparoscopically, with tiny incisions in the abdomen, or through a laparotomy or mini-laparotomy, which is open surgery with a larger incision. A full recovery usually takes about a week, and complications with this procedure are rare. While a tubal ligation is reversible, it does not have a high reversal success rate. It is important to discuss the different birth control options with your partner before undergoing a permanent procedure. Talk to you doctor today if you are considering this procedure.
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A vaginal ring, which is a hormonal method of birth control, is a flexible, plastic ring that is placed in the upper part of the vagina, where it releases the hormones estrogen and progestin. When the estrogen and progestin are absorbed through vaginal tissue into the body, they prevent a woman's body from ovulating (releasing an egg). In addition, progestin causes the mucus within the cervix to thicken, making it difficult for the sperm to reach the egg. Although it is only available through a prescription, a vaginal ring does not require a personalized fitting, and can be removed at any time. Prescription and Use of the Vaginal Ring A vaginal ring is prescribed by a physician after a physical examination. The physician determines which levels of hormones are appropriate, and when use of the vaginal ring should begin. The vaginal ring is inserted by the woman into her vagina, and left in place for 21 days. She then removes it, which allows menstruation to occur. After 7 days, she inserts a new ring into her vagina for 3 more weeks of pregnancy protection. Benefits of the Vaginal Ring In addition to preventing pregnancy, a vaginal ring has the benefits of hormonal methods of birth control. These benefits include the following: Lighter and shorter periods Reduced menstrual cramps Decrease of acne Decreased risk of cancer of the uterus and ovaries Hormonal birth control methods such as the vaginal ring are also used to treat abnormal or painful uterine bleeding and endometriosis. Risks of the Vaginal Ring Although the vaginal ring is a convenient and safe form of birth control, it does have some side effects and risks, which include the following: Vaginal irritation Vaginal discharge Breast tenderness Breakthrough bleeding Heart attack Blood clot Headache Nausea Stroke The vaginal ring does not provide any protection against HIV or sexually transmitted diseases. Women who are older than 35 or who smoke have a much higher risk of heart attack or stroke when using hormonal birth control methods such as the vaginal ring. No contraception method is 100 percent effective. Women should consult with their doctors about the different types of oral contraception available, and to get answers to any questions they may have about contraception and family planning.
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